Day: June 11, 2018

Chemical reagents are the most diverse in the laboratory、Consumption acquisitions are the most frequent、It is also the most dangerous substance，therefore，The management of chemical reagents is undoubtedly the top priority of laboratory managers。The management of reagents can be said to be the most important part of laboratory management，Because reagent safety is related to laboratory safety。So the knowledge of laboratory reagent classification in this article，Let's share it! Classification of chemical reagents The specifications of reagents in China are basically based on purity(The amount of impurities)divide，High purity in total、Spectrally pure、benchmark、Spectroscopic pure、Superior Pure、7 kinds of analysis and chemical purity。The state and competent authorities promulgate the main quality indicators of the main excellent grade、There are 3 types of graded pure and chemically pure。 (1)Superior Pure(GR：Guaranteed reagent)，Also known as first-class product or guarantee reagent，99.8%，This reagent is the purest of all kinds，Lowest levels of impurities，It is suitable for important and precise analytical work and scientific research work，Use a green bottle stick。 (2)Analytical pure(AR)，Also known as secondary reagent，The purity is high，99.7%，Slightly inferior to superior pure，Suitable for important analytical and general research work，Use a red bottle stick。 (3)Chemically pure(CP)，Also known as tertiary reagent，≥ 99.5%，The purity is quite different from the analytical purity，Suitable for industrial and mining applications、School general analysis work。Use blue(Dark blue)label。 (4)Experimental reagents(LR：Laboratory reagent)，Also known as quaternary reagent。 In addition to the above four levels，There are still in the market at the moment： Reference reagents(PT：Primary Reagent)：It is used exclusively as a reference material，Standard solutions can be prepared directly。 Spectrally pure reagents(SP：Spectrum pure)：Indicates spectral purity。But because organic matter is not visible on the spectrum，So sometimes the principal component does not reach more than 99.9%.，Care must be taken when using it，This is especially true when used as a reference material，Calibration is mandatory。 Reagents whose purity is much higher than that of high-grade purity are called high-purity reagents(≥ 99.99%)。 presently，The specifications of chemical reagents produced by foreign reagent factories tend to be divided by use，The common ones are as follows： Biochemical reagents (BC：Biochemical) Biological reagents (BR：Biological reagent) Biological stains (BS：Biological Stain) For complexation titration (FCM：For Complexometry) For chromatography (FCP：For chromatography purpose) Fluorescence analysis(FIA) For microorganisms(FMB) Microscope (FMP：For microscopic purpose) For synthetics (FS：For synthesis) Gas chromatography (GC：Gas chromatography) High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC：High Pressure Liquid chromatography) Indicator (Ind：Indicator) Infrared absorption(IR) Liquid chromatography(LC) nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) Organic Analysis Standards (OSA：Organic analytical standard) Analytical(PA：Pro analysis) For internships (Pract： Practical use)(Pure purum Read More …

6May 4th，The Ministry of Agriculture issued national food safety standards such as the maximum residue limit of pesticides and the detection methods of pesticide residues for public consultation(Call for Comments)Comment letter，Four of these test method standards have been published for the first time，Gas chromatography is involved、Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry、 High performance liquid chromatography and other detection methods。 It is reported，The "Maximum Residue Limits of 51 Pesticides such as Avermectin in Food" quasi-stipulates 383 maximum pesticide residue limits for 51 pesticides such as avermectin in food；The "Maximum Residue Limits of 74 Pesticides Including 2,4-Butyric Acid in Food" quasi-stipulates 193 maximum residue limits of 74 pesticides such as 2,4-butyric acid in seasonings。 Read More …

Principles of UV Absorption Spectroscopy：Absorbs ultraviolet light energy，Causes a transition of the electron energy level in a molecule Representation of the spectrum：The relative absorption of light energy as a function of the wavelength of the absorbed light provides information：The location of the absorption peak、Strength and shape，Provides information on the different electronic structures in the molecule Fluorescence spectrometry FS analysis principle：After being excited by electromagnetic radiation，From the lowest single-line excited state back to the single-line ground state，Presentation of the emission fluorescence spectrum：The fluorescence energy emitted varies with the wavelength of the light information provided：Fluorescence efficiency and longevity，Provides information on the different electronic structures in a molecule Infrared absorption spectrometry IR analysis principle：Absorbs infrared light energy，Causes vibrations of molecules with dipole moment changes、Rotational energy level transition spectra are noted：Relative transmitted light energy varies with the frequency of transmitted light information provided：The location of the peak、Strength and shape，Provides the characteristic vibrational frequencies of functional groups or chemical bonds Raman spectroscopy Principles of RAM analysis：After absorbing light energy，Causes molecular vibrations with a change in polarizability，A representation of the Raman scattering spectrum that is generated：The variation of scattered light energy with Raman displacement provides information：The location of the peak、Strength and shape，Provides the characteristic vibrational frequencies of functional groups or chemical bonds NMR Spectroscopy Principles of NMR Analysis：in an external magnetic field，A nucleus with a nuclear magnetic moment，Absorbs RF energy，Representation of the transition spectrum that produces the nuclear spin level：The change in absorbed light energy with chemical shift provides information：The chemical shift of the peak、strength、Split fraction and coupling constant，The number of nuclei provided、Information on the chemical environment and geometry Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy Principles of ESR analysis：in an external magnetic field，Unpaired electrons in the molecule absorb RF energy，A representation of the resulting electron spin level transition spectrum：Absorbed light energy or differential energy varies with the strength of the magnetic field information：Spectral line position、strength、Number of splits and superfine splitting constants，Provides unpaired electron density、Molecular bond properties and geometrical configuration information Mass spectrometry MS analysis principles：The molecule is bombarded by electrons in a vacuum，Ionization is formed，Separation by electromagnetic field by different m/e Representation of spectra：Representation of the relative kurtosis of ions as a function of m/e in the form of a bar plot provides information：The mass of molecular ions and fragment ions and their relative kurtosis，Molecular weight is provided，Information on elemental composition and structure Gas chromatography Principles of GC analysis：The components in the sample are between the mobile phase and the stationary phase，Separation due to different partition coefficients Representation of spectra：Changes in post-column effluent concentrations with retention values provide information：The retention values of the peaks are related to the thermodynamic parameters of the components，It is a qualitative basis；Peak area is related to component content Reverse gas chromatography IGC analysis principle：The retention value of the probe molecule varies depending on how the interaction force between it and the polymer sample as a stationary phase is represented in the spectra：The logarithmic value of the specific retained volume of the probe molecule as a function of column temperature provides information：The probe molecule retention value as a function of temperature provides the thermodynamic parameters of the polymer Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography PGC Analytical Principles：Polymer materials are instantaneously cracked under certain conditions，A representation of fragment spectra with certain characteristics can be obtained：Changes in post-column effluent concentrations with retention values provide information：Fingerprint or characteristic fragmentation peaks of the spectrum，Characterize the chemical structure and geometry of polymers by gel chromatography Principles of GPC analysis：As the sample passes through the gel column，Separation is carried out according to the hydrodynamic volume of the molecule，Macromolecules elution first Representation of the spectrum：Changes in post-column effluent concentrations with retention values provide information：The average molecular weight of polymers and their distribution Thermogravimetric TG analysis principle：In a temperature-controlled environment，Sample weight as a function of temperature or time How the spectra are presented：The weight fraction of a sample as a function of temperature or time provides information：The steep drop in the curve is the sample weight loss area，The platform area is the thermally stable zone of the sample Thermal Difference Analysis DTA Analytical Principle：The sample and the reference were placed in the same temperature-controlled environment，Due to the difference in thermal conductivity between the two, the temperature difference occurs，Record the change in temperature as a function of ambient temperature or time Representation of the spectrum：The curve of the temperature difference as a function of ambient temperature or time provides information：Provides information on the thermal transition temperature of polymers and various thermal effects Differential scanning calorimetry analysis Read More …

【Experimental Principle】 The main difference between cell culture technology and other general laboratory work is the requirement to maintain aseptic operation，Avoid the influence of microorganisms and other harmful factors。A general standard cell culture chamber should include a preparation chamber、Preparation room and culture room。The three chambers are both interconnected and relatively independent，Each completes different operations in the culture process。 【Objective】 (1) Understand the setting and equipment of the culture room。 (2) Learn the concept of aseptic and the essentials of aseptic operation。 【Operation Steps】 1. Laboratory Setup (1) Preparation Room (2) Preparation Room (3) Culture Room The culture room should be completely closed，Maintain a constant temperature，The following points should be paid attention to in the design： (1) The location of the culture room is best located on the shaded side，Places where direct sunlight cannot be reached，Prevent the indoor temperature from rising。 (2) The height of the ceiling should not exceed 2 meters，In order to ensure the effective sterilization effect of the UV lamp， (3) The door is generally sliding door，to prevent air movement。 (4) Ceiling、The floor and surrounding walls should be smooth and free of dead corners，To tile or paint，It's designed like this，First, it is easy to clean and disinfect，In addition, it is not easy to accumulate dust in the corners of the wall。 2Commonly used laboratory equipment: (1) Preparation room equipment, (1) Double distilled water retort：Prepare double distilled water。 (2) Acid tank：Hold lotion，Soak glassware。 (3) Oven：Washed glassware is oven dried。 (4) Pressure cooker：glassware、Dissecting utensils、Partial liquid、Sterilization of plastic utensils, etc。The effective sterilization pressure and time are different for different items。 (5) Locker 1：Place unsterilized items。 (6) Locker 2：Place sanitized items。 (7) Packing table：For packaging before sterilization。 Preparation room precautions： (1) Prevent the still from being roasted dry。 (2) Water seeping out from the placed pool。 (3) Do not splash acid on clothing or the ground。 (4) Do not block the pressure cooker exhaust valve and safety valve。 (5) Sterilized items should be stored separately from unsterilized items。 (2) Equipment of the liquid preparation chamber (1) Balances (torque balances and electronic balances)：Weigh (2) pH meter： (3) Magnetic stirrer： (3) Equipment of cell culture room (1) Ultra-clean workbench： There are many types of clean benches，There is a one-sided single、Single-sided double、Double-sided double or double-sided quadruple, etc，It works by utilizing a blower，Enables the air to pass through highly efficient air filtration，Slowly pass through the countertop，This results in a sterile and homogeneous air in the working environment。 Depending on the laminar flow method，Ultra-clean workbenches are mainly divided into two types: horizontal laminar flow type and vertical laminar flow type，The rationale is much the same，The indoor air is initially filtered through a coarse filter，It is pressed into the static pressure box by a centrifugal fan，Then pass through the high-efficiency air filter，The resulting clean air flow passes through the sterility at a certain uniform cross-sectional velocity，So as to form a dust-free and sterile high-cleanliness working environment。However, the direction of the airflow is different between the two types of stations。 There are several issues that should be paid attention to when using a clean bench： A. The purification workbench is best installed in a dust-free room，It is best to be in a well-isolated sterile room，In order to avoid excessive dust, the filter will be easily blocked，Reduces the purification effect，Shorten the service life。 B. Newly installed or long-term unused workstations，The workbench and surroundings must be cleaned with a vacuum cleaner or a tool that does not produce fibers before work，Then use drug sterilization or ultraviolet sterilization for sterilization。 C. Every time the workbench is used，The countertop should be scrubbed with 75% alcohol first，And treat the microorganisms accumulated in the purification work area with 30~50min ultraviolet sterilization lamp in advance。After turning off the UV lamp, the blower should be started and let it run for two minutes before the incubation operation。 D. Unnecessary items should not be stored in the purification work area，to keep the clean airflow pattern undisturbed。 E. Generally，The HEPA filter is replaced every three years。Replacing the high-efficiency filter should be operated by a professional，to keep the seal well。The coarse filter should be removed and cleaned regularly，The time should be determined according to the cleanliness of the environment，It is usually done every 3~6 months。 F. Every time you use the purification table, you should remove the items on the work surface in time，And scrub the countertop with sprinkler to keep it clean at all times。 (2) 4 °C freezer and low temperature freezer： (3) CO2 incubator： A. A concentration of CO2 on cell growth，In particular, primary culture and single-cell culture have a facilitating effect (5%)。 B. A certain concentration of CO2 can maintain a constant pH of the culture medium。Suitable for open cultures，After the incubator is sealed，It can be cultivated in a general incubator，However, when using Petri dishes or multi-well plates，Air with high humidity and high CO2 content is required。 C. It increases humidity，The box is equipped with a water bath，Humidity in the incubator can be guaranteed。 D. The incubator is equipped with a UV lamp。 E. The ratio of CO2 to air can be adjusted by means of a gas flow meter。 F. Preservatives (dioxacetic acid) can be added to the water。It can prevent high humidity in the CO2 incubator，Prone to mold。 (4) Ozone generator： (4) Centrifuge： (5) CO2 cylinders： (6) Liquid nitrogen tank： (7) Lockers：Used to store sundries (8) UV lamps： (9) Air purification system (10) Inverted microscope 3. Aseptic operation (1) Sterilization of the clean room： (1) The ultraviolet lamp should be turned on when no one is there； (2) Wear a sterile gown when entering the sterile room、Wear a hat and mask； (3) Clean and disinfect once a week； Read More …