This article starts with the pilot and start of certification and accreditation work、Full implementation、and the establishment and implementation of a unified system，This paper briefly expounds the development process of certification, accreditation, inspection and testing in China，It is very helpful to systematically understand the development of certification and accreditation in China。
History
Certification and accreditation are "imported products" in China。China's certification and accreditation system began at the beginning of the reform and opening up in the seventies and eighties of the 20th century，With the development of China's market economy，It can be roughly divided into three stages。
Pilot and initial stage of certification and accreditation (1978-1991)
Certification areas。1978year，China rejoined the International Organization for Standardization，I began to understand that certification is an evaluation of the quality of the product、supervise、An effective means of management。1981year，China joined the International Electronic Components Certification Organization and established the first product certification body in New China - China Electronic Components Certification Committee，This marks the beginning of China's formal reference to foreign certification systems。
From the mid-80s to the early 90s of the 20th century，Our country has successively established a series of regulations on household appliances、Electronic entertainment equipment、Medical devices、Car、foodstuff、A series of product certification systems for fire protection products, etc。
Areas of Recognition。1980year，The former National Bureau of Standards and the former State Administration for Import and Export Commodity Inspection jointly sent a delegation to participate in the International Conference on Laboratory Accreditation (ILAC)，International recognition activities are beginning to sprout in our country。1985year，China began to implement the laboratory accreditation system。
Full Implementation of Certification and Accreditation (1991-2001)
1991May of the year，Order No. 83 of the State Council officially promulgated the Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Administration of Product Quality Certification，It marks that China's quality certification work has entered a new stage of comprehensive standardization from the pilot start。
Certification areas。This stage，In addition to the full establishment and implementation of product certification，China has also made important progress in the field of management system certification，A ISO9001 quality management system has been established successively、ISO14001 environmental management system、OHSAS18001 certification system such as occupational health and safety management system。
During this period，The most influential certification system is the "Great Wall Mark" certification system of the former State Bureau of Technical Supervision (Quality and Technical Supervision Bureau) for the safe access of domestic commodities and the "CCIB Mark" certification system of the former State Administration for Import and Export Commodity Inspection (Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau) for the safe access of imported commodities。
Areas of Recognition。The former State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision has successively established the National Accreditation Committee for Quality Management System Certification Bodies (CNACR) in China、China National Registration Committee for Certified Personnel (CRBA)、China National Accreditation Service for Laboratories (CNACL) and National Accreditation Service for Product Certification Bodies of China (CNACP)，Carry out the recognition of the domestic market；The former State Administration for Import and Export Commodity Inspection (Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau) has successively established the China National Accreditation Board for Certification Bodies for Import and Export Enterprises (CNAB)、China National Accreditation Service for Import and Export Laboratories (CCIBLAC)，Carry out recognition work in the field of import and export。
Establishment and implementation of a unified certification and accreditation system (2001-present)
After China introduced the certification and accreditation system from the world，Under the planned economic system at that time，It is implemented by different departments in their respective industry sectors，Objectively, they are siloed、Multi-head management、A series of disadvantages such as duplicate certification。The most prominent are:，Due to the division of the domestic and foreign trade markets at that time，Two different certification systems are implemented for domestic products and imported products，It is not in line with the internationally accepted principle of national treatment。At the time of the "accession" negotiations，This issue became the focus of negotiations。In the protocol on China's accession to the WTO，The Chinese government has made a commitment to establish a unified product certification system，There are as many as 23 articles related to certification, accreditation, inspection and testing。2001August，In order to meet the needs of China's accession to the WTO and the improvement of the socialist market economic system，Party central committee、The State Council decided to merge the former State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision and the State Administration of Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine to form the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China，and the establishment of the CNCA，This marks the establishment of a unified certification and accreditation management system in China。
Unified management department：The CNCA is the certification and accreditation supervision and administration department of the State Council，Responsible for unified management、Supervise and comprehensively coordinate the national certification and accreditation work。
Uniform regulations：2003November，The State Council promulgated and implemented the Regulations on Certification and Accreditation，It has established rules that are both adapted to international standards、It is also in line with the actual situation of China's certification and accreditation management system。
The certification system is unified：Take the compulsory product certification system as the core，A certification system for unified national management has been established。2002May of the year，The state has formally implemented a new compulsory product certification system，The core is to achieve the "four unifications" (that is, the unified product catalog) for domestic products and imported products、Uniform application of national standards、Technical rules and implementation procedures、Uniform logo、Flat rate)，This replaces the "CCIB Mark" certification and the "Great Wall Mark" certification。
The accreditation system is unified：2002August，On the basis of the original import and export and domestic two sets of recognition systems，A centralized and unified accreditation system has been established。2006March，To adapt to the requirements and changes of internationally recognized organizations，The National Accreditation Service for Accreditation Bodies in China and the National Accreditation Board for Laboratories in China were merged，China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment (CNAS) was established，As the only nationally accredited body。
2018March，According to the Plan for Deepening the Reform of Party and State Institutions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China，The State Administration for Market Regulation was established，Responsible for the comprehensive supervision and management of the market，Responsible for unified management of inspection and testing、certification and accreditation。The responsibilities of the Certification and Accreditation Administration of the People's Republic of China are transferred to the State Administration for Market Regulation，Keep the brand to the outside world。It fully embodies the Party Central Committee、The State Council attaches great importance to certification, accreditation, inspection and testing，It marks that the certification, accreditation, inspection and testing work has entered a new era。
Work system
Since the establishment of CNCA，According to the international rules and the actual development of our country，It has built a certification and accreditation system that is fully in line with international standards，All-round service for the country's reform and opening up and economic and social development，It has played a positive role for all to see。
legal system。A legal and regulatory system with the "Certification and Accreditation Regulations" as the core has been established，There are currently 19 laws、17Ministry of Administrative Regulations、14The regulations of the Ministry clearly include the relevant provisions of certification and accreditation。
Institutional system。In accordance with international rules and actual national conditions，A certification system combining mandatory and voluntary has been established、National Recognition System、Qualification certification system for inspection and testing institutions、certification personnel registration system, etc，It covers certification and accreditation inspection and testing activities。presently，The compulsory product certification covers a total of 142 products in 19 categories；Voluntary certification includes products in total、serve、There are 49 sub-categories in 3 categories of management system；Accreditation consists of a total of 12 basic accreditation systems、27special recognition system。
Organizational system。In accordance with the "Unified Management."，joint implementation".，The State Administration for Market Regulation (CNCA) has been established as the competent authority、The inter-ministerial joint meeting composed of relevant ministries and units serves as the deliberative and coordinating body、The certification regulatory departments across the country are the main body of law enforcement supervision、The organizational system of certification and accreditation inspection and testing institutions as the main body of implementation。
Regulatory system。"Legal norms" were established、Administrative supervision、Binding on Recognition、Industry self-discipline、Social supervision" five-in-one supervision system，to certification bodies、Accreditation Bodies、Inspection and testing institutions shall implement access management and supervision during and after the event。
Standard system。All 36 international standards for conformity assessment were converted into national standards，94 national standards have been issued、136industry standards，The basis for evaluation has been standardized。
International cooperation and mutual recognition system。A total of 21 international certification and accreditation organizations have been joined，China signed 13 multilateral mutual recognition agreements and 121 bilateral cooperation and mutual recognition arrangements。furthermore，China has established bilateral cooperative relations with more than 30 countries and regions along the "Belt and Road".，It provides facilitation arrangements for serving the construction of the "Belt and Road".。
Development data
Number of certificates
As of the end of 2018，A total of 1,937,000 valid certificates of various types have been issued，thereinto，643,000 compulsory product certification certificates，1,294,000 voluntary certificates。The total number of certificates increased by 10.5% compared to the end of 2017。
Number of enterprises
Certified Organizations：About 625,000。
The compulsory product certification valid certificate involves the enterprise：73569family，Among them, there are 5,352 overseas enterprises、There are 68,217 domestic enterprises。
Number of institutions
There are a total of 481 certification bodies、There are about 39,000 inspection and testing institutions；There are 171 certification bodies that have obtained accredited qualifications，There are 10,439 inspection and testing institutions that have obtained accreditation。
China has issued a total of certification and accreditation inspection and testing certificates、The number of certified organizations has ranked first in the world for many years，The output value of inspection, testing and certification services exceeded 270 billion yuan。China's inspection, testing and certification market has developed into the fastest growing market in the world、The most potential inspection, testing and certification market。
Results
Certification, accreditation, inspection and testing are essential for improving China's socialist market economy system、Strengthen market supervision、Promote open trade，is playing an increasingly prominent role。To sum it up，It is mainly reflected in five aspects。
Ensuring quality and safety。Give full play to the "bottom line" role of compulsory certification in the implementation of market access，It effectively guarantees the quality and safety of products，Protects the interests of consumers。Since the implementation of compulsory product certification (CCC certification) in China，The pass rate of spot checks of lighting products has increased from 32% to 94%，The pass rate of car child safety seats has increased from less than 10% to 97%。
Improving the quality of supply。Give full play to the role of voluntary certification in promoting quality improvement，Carry out quality management system upgrading actions in millions of enterprises，in the smart toilet seat、rice cooker、Consumer goods such as smart appliances and healthcare、Pension、Implement high-end quality certification in financial and other service fields；Promote organic in the food and agricultural industry、HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points)、GAP (Good Agricultural Practices) certification；In the robot、Beidou navigation and other strategic emerging industries to build an inspection, testing and certification system；In various places, the use of certification and accreditation means to cultivate "Made in Zhejiang", "Shenzhen Standard", "Shanghai Quality" and other regional quality brands，It has led to the upgrading of industry and consumption。The number of management system certifications per unit of GDP in China is 69.85 / 1 billion US dollars，The quality management system of the certified enterprise has an effective rate of 98%，It has reached the international advanced level。
Promote green development。Vigorously promote the energy-saving, low-carbon and environmental protection certification and accreditation system，Carry out third-party verification and verification of greenhouse climate emissions，Take multiple measures to guide green production、Green consumption。2016November，The State Council issued the State Council[2016]86document，It was decided to set up the environmental protection that is currently separated、energy conservation、Water conservation、circulate、Low carbon、regeneration、organic and other products are integrated，Establish a unified green product standard、authentication、Identification system，Promote the development of green industries。Certified energy savings、Measurement of water-saving products，During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, a total of 220 million tons of standard coal were saved、Save 39 billion tons of water。Actively explore new mechanisms for organic certification to help targeted poverty alleviation and ecological civilization construction，Among the 592 key counties in the country's poverty alleviation and development work，There are 446 counties with certified organic enterprises；Among the 129 regions in the country that have created national organic product certification demonstration zones，Forty-five are from poor counties。
In terms of promoting foreign trade。The scope of international mutual recognition of certification, accreditation, inspection and testing in China covers more than 90% of the global economy，for a large number of products in our country、The service export provides "one test."，One-time certification，Worldwide".。Take electronics, for example，Every year, more than 60,000 Chinese enterprises obtain the International Electrotechnical Commission Electrical Product Safety Certification Test Certificate (IECEE-CB)，Reduce export costs by more than one-third on average。Take food, for example，Food trade included in the Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI) accounts for 65% of total global food trade，After China joined the mutual recognition system of the organization，More than 4,000 food companies benefit from it every year。
Transformation of government functions。With the deepening of the reform of "delegating power, delegating power, delegating power, delegating，More and more government departments are adopting certification and accreditation methods instead of the original approval and licensing methods，Change direct management to indirect management，It has promoted the transformation of government functions and management methods。Recently，The CNCA shall establish railways with the competent departments of various industries、firefighting、Security、Forensics、Certification and accreditation system for intellectual property protection，It has effectively improved the management level of the industry。furthermore，Haidian District, Beijing、Dalian City, Liaoning Province、Jiangmen City, Guangdong Province and other local governments have passed the ISO9001 quality management system certification，More than 2,000 government departments have been certified，Significantly improved management service efficiency。
Indicators of a strong country
In order to accurately judge the development status of China's certification and accreditation in the world，Scientifically guide the construction of a strong country in certification and recognition，Since 2016, the CNCA has organized and carried out research on the evaluation indicators of certification and accreditation powers，Relative science is constructed、Systematic and complete indicator system。
Indicator system。The index system includes one first-level index of the certification and accreditation power index；Institutional building、Service development、Industrial strength、Innovation-driven、International implications、There are 6 secondary indicators of basic ability；Laws and Regulations、Institutional supply，Trade facilitation、Safety and security、Social governance，The scale of the industry、Quality and efficiency、Service Output，Product innovation、Technological innovation、Management innovation，Professionally led、Institutional Appointments、International Mutual Recognition，Institution-building、16 third-level indicators such as talent training。
Index measurement。Measured，Among the 12 indicators that can be compared internationally，China's trade promotion、Social governance、The scale of the industry、Four indicators, such as institutional appointments, are at a relatively leading level；Laws and Regulations、Safety and security、Professionally led、Service Output、International Mutual Recognition、Six indicators, including talent training, are at a medium level；Quality and efficiency、Two indicators, such as technological innovation, are relatively backward。
All in all，China has entered the forefront of the second lineup of international certification and recognition，It is accelerating towards the ranks of certification and accreditation powers。
□ text of this edition is provided by the Secretariat of the Certification and Accreditation Administration of the People's Republic of China
｜Source: China Market Regulation News ｜
statement：This website is reprinted、share、statement、Views remain neutral，The purpose is only to convey more information，The copyright belongs to the original author。If the copyright of the work is involved，Please contact us，We will remove the content as soon as possible!